Family: Neckeraceae

Diagnosis: Plants small to robust, often large, epiphytic or terrestrial colonies, sometimes stipitate-frondose, mostly complanate-foliate; primary stems creeping, most often turning ca. 90º and becoming the upright secondary stem (stipe), stipes mostly 1-2 pinnately branched, erect to pendent, often with leaves differentiated from those on primary stem, secondary stems and branches. Stipe and secondary stem leaves differentiated from branch leaves, branch leaves erect to wide-spreading, often complanate-foliate, sometimes asymmetric, mostly ± oblong, narrow or more often ± broad, obtuse to acute, less often acuminate or truncate, sometimes undulate, plicate or concave; margins frequently serrate to serrulate, often incurved; costa typically single, rarely short and double; cells mostly fusiform to linear, sometimes shorter to isodiametric, smooth or prorulose, rarely unipapillose; alar cells mostly not or weakly differentiated, rarely numerous but never greatly enlarged or inflated. Asexual propagula often of flagellate branches, otherwise rare or none. Setae very short to elongate, smooth or occasionally roughened above, reddish or less often yellow; capsules immersed to long-exerted, mostly cylindric, erect and symmetric; peristome double; endostome often somewhat reduced. Calyptra cucullate, rarely mitrate-campanulate, naked or rarely sparsely hairy or ramentose.